Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
Releted Impedance Control PCB
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
Releted Impedance Control PCB
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
Releted Impedance Control PCB
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
Your Reliable Impedance Control PCB Manufacturer in China
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
SMTFAB is a professional impedance control PCB manufacturer in China. Impedance control is the characteristic impedance of a transmission line formed by PCB traces and its associated reference planes.
- Over 12 years impedance control PCB manufacturing experience
- No minimum order quantity for impedance control PCB order
- Provide impedance control test report and coupon
- 100% E-test and AOI inspection
- 7/24 sales and engineering tech support
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
- Production Facility
- Capabilities
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
| Item | Capability |
| Layer Count | 1-40layers |
| Base Material | KB、Shengyi、ShengyiSF305、FR408、FR408HR、IS410、FR406、GETEK、370HR、IT180A、Rogers4350、Rogers4000、PTFE Laminates(Rogers series、Taconic series、Arlon series、Nelco series)、Rogers/Taconic/Arlon/Nelco laminate with FR-4 material(including partial Ro4350B hybrid laminating with FR-4) |
| Board Type | Backplane、HDI、High multi-layer blind&buried PCB、Embedded Capacitance、Embedded resistance board 、Heavy copper power PCB、Backdrill, PCB Gold Finger |
| Board Thickness | 0.2-5.0mm |
| Copper Thickness | Min. 1/2 OZ, Max. 10 OZ |
| PTH Wall | 25um(1mil) |
| Maximum Board Size | 1100*500mm(43”*19”) |
| Min laser drilling size | 4mil |
| Min. Spacing/Tracing | 2.7mil/2.7mil |
| Solder Mask | Green, Black, Blue, Red, White, Yellow, Purple matte/glossy |
| Surface Treatment | Flash gold(electroplated gold)、ENIG、Hard gold、Flash gold、HASL Lead-free 、OSP、ENEPIG、Soft gold、Immersion silver、Immersion Tin、ENIG+OSP, ENIG+Gold finger, Flash gold(electroplated gold)+Gold finger(50u”), Immersion silver+Gold finger, Immersion Tin+Gold finger |
| Min. Annular Ring | 3mil |
| Aspect ratio | 10:1(HASL Lead-free 、HASL Lead、ENIG、Immersion Tin、Immersion silver、ENEPIG);8:1(OSP) |
| Impedance control | ±5ohm(＜50ohm), ±10%(≥50ohm) |
| Other Techniques | Blind/Buried Via |
| Gold Fingers | |
| Press Fit | |
| Via in Pad | |
| Electrical Test |
Releted Impedance Control PCB
Releted Impedance Control PCB
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Why Choose SMTFAB for Your Impedance Control PCB
Are you looking for a leading impedance control PCB supplier in China? SMTFAB is your best choice. There are over 500 workers in our workshop and the monthly production capacity is 40,000 square meters.
We mainly produce double-sided to multilayer PCB, Aluminum PCB, Rogers PCB, metal core PCB, high-frequency PCB, flexible and rigid-flex PCB. Most of them are impedance control PCBs.
SMTFAB uses impedance modeling software and impedance test hardware to meet your control impedance requirements.
Polar Instruments “Speedstack” and “CITS” test. This powerful toolset contains high-quality on-site resolution and a comprehensive material library to ensure that your first correctly performs design.
As a reliable impedance control PCB supplier, SMTFAB has one engineering team with over 20 years of design experience. We have served over 3000+ customers all around the world.
Whether you are used to determining the technology of PCB impedance control, you recommend working with CM because DFM rules and guides, and material availability will affect your board of directors.
In SMTFAB, as the fastest PCB prototype and low-volume manufacturer, we have the ability to ensure your design intent, your impedance control PCB can be buildable.
When you are ready for your impedance control, please send your CAD file or Gerber file to us. Our engineering team will review the files prior the manufacturing.
We can also provide an impedance control test report and strip to you with each shipment. You will test the impedance control values by yourself as well.
Please send your quote to us right now, we will offer the quotation immediately.
Impedance Control PCB: The Ultimate FAQ Guide
In this guide, you will find all information about impedance control PCB design, please read it now.
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
- What is Impedance Control
- What is Impedance Control PCB
- What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
- What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
- What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
- How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
- How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
- Applications of Controlled Impedance
- Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
What is Impedance Control
Impedance control has been one of the essential concerns and severe problems in high-speed PCB design.
Impedance is the sum of the resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit.
The resistance is the opposition to the current flow present in all materials.
In high-frequency applications, controlled impedance helps us ensure that signals are not degraded as they route around a PCB.
Resistance and reactance of an electrical circuit have a significant impact on functionality, as specific processes must be completed before others to ensure proper operation.
Essentially, controlled impedance is the matching of substrate material properties with trace dimensions and locations to ensure the impedance of a trace’s signal is within a certain percentage of a specific value.
Controlled impedance boards provide repeatable high-frequency performance.
There’re four elements of impedance control as following:
What is Impedance Control PCB
There are various signal transmissions in the conductors in the circuit board.
When it is necessary to increase its frequency in order to increase its transmission rate if the circuit itself is different due to factors such as etching, stack-up thickness, wire width, etc. the impedance value will change.
Its signal is distorted. Therefore, the impedance value of the conductor on the high-speed circuit board should be controlled within a certain range, which is called “impedance control”.
The main factors affecting the impedance of PCB traces are the width of the copper wire, the thickness of the copper wire, the dielectric constant of the medium, the thickness of the medium, the thickness of the pad, the path of the ground wire, and the wiring around the wire.
Therefore, the impedance of the traces on the board must be controlled when designing the PCB to avoid signal reflection and other electromagnetic interference and signal integrity problems as much as possible, and to ensure the stability of the actual use of the PCB.
The calculation method of the impedance of the microstrip line and stripline on the PCB can refer to the corresponding empirical formula.
Impedance Control of PCB
What is The Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
The characteristic impedance of the wires on the printed circuit board is an important indicator of circuit design.
Especially in the PCB design of high-frequency circuits, it is necessary to consider whether the characteristic impedance of the wire is consistent with the characteristic impedance required by the device or signal and whether it matches or not.
Characteristic Impedance Control of PCB
What are Impedance Characteristics of PCB
According to the theory of signal transmission, the signal is a function of time and distance variables, so every part of the signal on the connection may change.
Therefore, determine the AC impedance of the connection, that is, the ratio of the voltage change to the current change as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line which is only related to the characteristics of the signal connection itself.
In the actual circuit, the resistance of the wire itself is smaller than the distributed impedance of the system, especially in the high-frequency circuit, the characteristic impedance mainly depends on the distributed impedance brought by the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
The characteristic impedance of an ideal transmission line depends only on the unit distributed capacitance and unit distributed inductance of the connection.
Impedance Characteristics of PCB
What is PCB Impedance Control Matching
In the circuit board, if there is signal transmission, it is hoped that from the sending end of the power supply, it can be smoothly transmitted to the receiving end under the condition of minimum energy loss, and the receiving end will completely absorb it without any reflection.
To achieve this kind of transmission, the impedance in the line must be equal to the internal impedance of the transmitter to be called “impedance matching”.
When designing high-speed PCB circuits, impedance matching is one of the design elements.
The impedance value has an absolute relationship with the wiring method.
For example, whether it is designing on the surface layer or the inner layer, the distance from the reference power layer or ground layer, the trace width, and the PCB material will affect the characteristic impedance value of the trace.
In other words, the impedance value can only be determined after wiring, and the characteristic impedance produced by different PCB manufacturers is also slightly different.
Generally, simulation software cannot be considered into some wiring conditions with discontinuous impedance due to the limitation of the circuit model or the mathematical algorithm used.
At this time, only some terminations, such as series resistance, can be reserved on the schematic diagram to ease the effect of impedance discontinuity.
The real solution to the problem is to try to avoid impedance discontinuities when wiring.
Impedance Control Matching
How Many Types of Impedance Control PCB
The common characteristic impedance controls are divided into single-ended (line) impedance control, differential impedance control, coplanar impedance control, and so on.
- Single-ended (line) impedance control: refers to the measured impedance of a single signal line.
- Differential impedance: refers to the impedance measured in two transmission lines of equal width and equal spacing during the differential drive.
- Coplanar impedance: refers to the impedance measured when the signal line is transmitted between GND/VCC around it (the distance between the signal line and GND/VCC on both sides is equal).
Impedance Control Types
How to Ensure the Value Matching of Impedance Control PCB
Three steps to ensure the value correct of your PCB impedance controlled.
- Calculate the value by Polar before production.
- Measure the width of trace and dielectric layer in the process
- Make a coupon, Test it by impedance test Instrument
Impedance Control Tester
Applications of Controlled Impedance
Controlled Impedance should be considered for PCBs used in fast digital applications such as:
- Telecommunications
- Computing 100MHz and above
- High-Quality Analog Video
- Signal Processing
- RF Communication
Why Use Impedance Control PCBs
When the signal requires a specific impedance to operate normally, controlled impedance should be preferred.
In high-frequency applications, the impedance of the entire electronic board must be kept constant to protect the transmitted data from damage and maintain the clarity of the signal.
The longer the trace or the higher the frequency, the more adaptability is required.
At this stage, any loose operation will increase the switching time of electronic equipment or circuits and cause unexpected errors.
Once the component is mounted on the circuit, it is difficult to analyze the uncontrolled impedance.
Components have different tolerance capabilities, depending on their batch.
In addition, their specifications are affected by temperature changes, which may cause malfunctions. In this case, when the problem is actually caused by inappropriate trace impedance, replacing components seems to be the solution.
This is why the trace impedance and its tolerance must be checked as early as possible in PCB design.
Designers must work hand in hand with manufacturers to ensure compliance with component values.
Technical Specifications
| 0 | { |
| 1 | " |
| 2 | I |
| 3 | t |
| 4 | e |
| 5 | m |
| 6 | " |
| 7 | : |
| 8 | " |
| 9 | C |
| 10 | a |
| 11 | p |
| 12 | a |
| 13 | b |
| 14 | i |
| 15 | l |
| 16 | i |
| 17 | t |
| 18 | y |
| 19 | " |
| 20 | , |
| 21 | " |
| 22 | L |
| 23 | a |
| 24 | y |
| 25 | e |
| 26 | r |
| 27 | |
| 28 | C |
| 29 | o |
| 30 | u |
| 31 | n |
| 32 | t |
| 33 | " |
| 34 | : |
| 35 | " |
| 36 | 1 |
| 37 | - |
| 38 | 4 |
| 39 | 0 |
| 40 | l |
| 41 | a |
| 42 | y |
| 43 | e |
| 44 | r |
| 45 | s |
| 46 | " |
| 47 | , |
| 48 | " |
| 49 | B |
| 50 | a |
| 51 | s |
| 52 | e |
| 53 | |
| 54 | M |
| 55 | a |
| 56 | t |
| 57 | e |
| 58 | r |
| 59 | i |
| 60 | a |
| 61 | l |
| 62 | " |
| 63 | : |
| 64 | " |
| 65 | K |
| 66 | B |
| 67 | 、 |
| 68 | S |
| 69 | h |
| 70 | e |
| 71 | n |
| 72 | g |
| 73 | y |
| 74 | i |
| 75 | 、 |
| 76 | S |
| 77 | h |
| 78 | e |
| 79 | n |
| 80 | g |
| 81 | y |
| 82 | i |
| 83 | S |
| 84 | F |
| 85 | 3 |
| 86 | 0 |
| 87 | 5 |
| 88 | 、 |
| 89 | F |
| 90 | R |
| 91 | 4 |
| 92 | 0 |
| 93 | 8 |
| 94 | 、 |
| 95 | F |
| 96 | R |
| 97 | 4 |
| 98 | 0 |
| 99 | 8 |
| 100 | H |
| 101 | R |
| 102 | 、 |
| 103 | I |
| 104 | S |
| 105 | 4 |
| 106 | 1 |
| 107 | 0 |
| 108 | 、 |
| 109 | F |
| 110 | R |
| 111 | 4 |
| 112 | 0 |
| 113 | 6 |
| 114 | 、 |
| 115 | G |
| 116 | E |
| 117 | T |
| 118 | E |
| 119 | K |
| 120 | 、 |
| 121 | 3 |
| 122 | 7 |
| 123 | 0 |
| 124 | H |
| 125 | R |
| 126 | 、 |
| 127 | I |
| 128 | T |
| 129 | 1 |
| 130 | 8 |
| 131 | 0 |
| 132 | A |
| 133 | 、 |
| 134 | R |
| 135 | o |
| 136 | g |
| 137 | e |
| 138 | r |
| 139 | s |
| 140 | 4 |
| 141 | 3 |
| 142 | 5 |
| 143 | 0 |
| 144 | 、 |
| 145 | R |
| 146 | o |
| 147 | g |
| 148 | e |
| 149 | r |
| 150 | s |
| 151 | 4 |
| 152 | 0 |
| 153 | 0 |
| 154 | 0 |
| 155 | 、 |
| 156 | P |
| 157 | T |
| 158 | F |
| 159 | E |
| 160 | |
| 161 | L |
| 162 | a |
| 163 | m |
| 164 | i |
| 165 | n |
| 166 | a |
| 167 | t |
| 168 | e |
| 169 | s |
| 170 | ( |
| 171 | R |
| 172 | o |
| 173 | g |
| 174 | e |
| 175 | r |
| 176 | s |
| 177 | |
| 178 | s |
| 179 | e |
| 180 | r |
| 181 | i |
| 182 | e |
| 183 | s |
| 184 | 、 |
| 185 | T |
| 186 | a |
| 187 | c |
| 188 | o |
| 189 | n |
| 190 | i |
| 191 | c |
| 192 | |
| 193 | s |
| 194 | e |
| 195 | r |
| 196 | i |
| 197 | e |
| 198 | s |
| 199 | 、 |
| 200 | A |
| 201 | r |
| 202 | l |
| 203 | o |
| 204 | n |
| 205 | |
| 206 | s |
| 207 | e |
| 208 | r |
| 209 | i |
| 210 | e |
| 211 | s |
| 212 | 、 |
| 213 | N |
| 214 | e |
| 215 | l |
| 216 | c |
| 217 | o |
| 218 | |
| 219 | s |
| 220 | e |
| 221 | r |
| 222 | i |
| 223 | e |
| 224 | s |
| 225 | ) |
| 226 | 、 |
| 227 | R |
| 228 | o |
| 229 | g |
| 230 | e |
| 231 | r |
| 232 | s |
| 233 | / |
| 234 | T |
| 235 | a |
| 236 | c |
| 237 | o |
| 238 | n |
| 239 | i |
| 240 | c |
| 241 | / |
| 242 | A |
| 243 | r |
| 244 | l |
| 245 | o |
| 246 | n |
| 247 | / |
| 248 | N |
| 249 | e |
| 250 | l |
| 251 | c |
| 252 | o |
| 253 | |
| 254 | l |
| 255 | a |
| 256 | m |
| 257 | i |
| 258 | n |
| 259 | a |
| 260 | t |
| 261 | e |
| 262 | |
| 263 | w |
| 264 | i |
| 265 | t |
| 266 | h |
| 267 | |
| 268 | F |
| 269 | R |
| 270 | - |
| 271 | 4 |
| 272 | |
| 273 | m |
| 274 | a |
| 275 | t |
| 276 | e |
| 277 | r |
| 278 | i |
| 279 | a |
| 280 | l |
| 281 | ( |
| 282 | i |
| 283 | n |
| 284 | c |
| 285 | l |
| 286 | u |
| 287 | d |
| 288 | i |
| 289 | n |
| 290 | g |
| 291 | |
| 292 | p |
| 293 | a |
| 294 | r |
| 295 | t |
| 296 | i |
| 297 | a |
| 298 | l |
| 299 | |
| 300 | R |
| 301 | o |
| 302 | 4 |
| 303 | 3 |
| 304 | 5 |
| 305 | 0 |
| 306 | B |
| 307 | |
| 308 | h |
| 309 | y |
| 310 | b |
| 311 | r |
| 312 | i |
| 313 | d |
| 314 | |
| 315 | l |
| 316 | a |
| 317 | m |
| 318 | i |
| 319 | n |
| 320 | a |
| 321 | t |
| 322 | i |
| 323 | n |
| 324 | g |
| 325 | |
| 326 | w |
| 327 | i |
| 328 | t |
| 329 | h |
| 330 | |
| 331 | F |
| 332 | R |
| 333 | - |
| 334 | 4 |
| 335 | ) |
| 336 | " |
| 337 | , |
| 338 | " |
| 339 | B |
| 340 | o |
| 341 | a |
| 342 | r |
| 343 | d |
| 344 | |
| 345 | T |
| 346 | y |
| 347 | p |
| 348 | e |
| 349 | " |
| 350 | : |
| 351 | " |
| 352 | B |
| 353 | a |
| 354 | c |
| 355 | k |
| 356 | p |
| 357 | l |
| 358 | a |
| 359 | n |
| 360 | e |
| 361 | 、 |
| 362 | H |
| 363 | D |
| 364 | I |
| 365 | 、 |
| 366 | H |
| 367 | i |
| 368 | g |
| 369 | h |
| 370 | |
| 371 | m |
| 372 | u |
| 373 | l |
| 374 | t |
| 375 | i |
| 376 | - |
| 377 | l |
| 378 | a |
| 379 | y |
| 380 | e |
| 381 | r |
| 382 | |
| 383 | b |
| 384 | l |
| 385 | i |
| 386 | n |
| 387 | d |
| 388 | & |
| 389 | b |
| 390 | u |
| 391 | r |
| 392 | i |
| 393 | e |
| 394 | d |
| 395 | |
| 396 | P |
| 397 | C |
| 398 | B |
| 399 | 、 |
| 400 | E |
| 401 | m |
| 402 | b |
| 403 | e |
| 404 | d |
| 405 | d |
| 406 | e |
| 407 | d |
| 408 | |
| 409 | C |
| 410 | a |
| 411 | p |
| 412 | a |
| 413 | c |
| 414 | i |
| 415 | t |
| 416 | a |
| 417 | n |
| 418 | c |
| 419 | e |
| 420 | 、 |
| 421 | E |
| 422 | m |
| 423 | b |
| 424 | e |
| 425 | d |
| 426 | d |
| 427 | e |
| 428 | d |
| 429 | |
| 430 | r |
| 431 | e |
| 432 | s |
| 433 | i |
| 434 | s |
| 435 | t |
| 436 | a |
| 437 | n |
| 438 | c |
| 439 | e |
| 440 | |
| 441 | b |
| 442 | o |
| 443 | a |
| 444 | r |
| 445 | d |
| 446 | |
| 447 | 、 |
| 448 | H |
| 449 | e |
| 450 | a |
| 451 | v |
| 452 | y |
| 453 | |
| 454 | c |
| 455 | o |
| 456 | p |
| 457 | p |
| 458 | e |
| 459 | r |
| 460 | |
| 461 | p |
| 462 | o |
| 463 | w |
| 464 | e |
| 465 | r |
| 466 | |
| 467 | P |
| 468 | C |
| 469 | B |
| 470 | 、 |
| 471 | B |
| 472 | a |
| 473 | c |
| 474 | k |
| 475 | d |
| 476 | r |
| 477 | i |
| 478 | l |
| 479 | l |
| 480 | , |
| 481 | |
| 482 | P |
| 483 | C |
| 484 | B |
| 485 | |
| 486 | G |
| 487 | o |
| 488 | l |
| 489 | d |
| 490 | |
| 491 | F |
| 492 | i |
| 493 | n |
| 494 | g |
| 495 | e |
| 496 | r |
| 497 | " |
| 498 | , |
| 499 | " |
| 500 | B |
| 501 | o |
| 502 | a |
| 503 | r |
| 504 | d |
| 505 | |
| 506 | T |
| 507 | h |
| 508 | i |
| 509 | c |
| 510 | k |
| 511 | n |
| 512 | e |
| 513 | s |
| 514 | s |
| 515 | " |
| 516 | : |
| 517 | " |
| 518 | 0 |
| 519 | . |
| 520 | 2 |
| 521 | - |
| 522 | 5 |
| 523 | . |
| 524 | 0 |
| 525 | m |
| 526 | m |
| 527 | " |
| 528 | , |
| 529 | " |
| 530 | C |
| 531 | o |
| 532 | p |
| 533 | p |
| 534 | e |
| 535 | r |
| 536 | |
| 537 | T |
| 538 | h |
| 539 | i |
| 540 | c |
| 541 | k |
| 542 | n |
| 543 | e |
| 544 | s |
| 545 | s |
| 546 | " |
| 547 | : |
| 548 | " |
| 549 | M |
| 550 | i |
| 551 | n |
| 552 | . |
| 553 | |
| 554 | 1 |
| 555 | / |
| 556 | 2 |
| 557 | |
| 558 | O |
| 559 | Z |
| 560 | , |
| 561 | |
| 562 | M |
| 563 | a |
| 564 | x |
| 565 | . |
| 566 | |
| 567 | 1 |
| 568 | 0 |
| 569 | |
| 570 | O |
| 571 | Z |
| 572 | " |
| 573 | , |
| 574 | " |
| 575 | P |
| 576 | T |
| 577 | H |
| 578 | |
| 579 | W |
| 580 | a |
| 581 | l |
| 582 | l |
| 583 | " |
| 584 | : |
| 585 | " |
| 586 | 2 |
| 587 | 5 |
| 588 | u |
| 589 | m |
| 590 | ( |
| 591 | 1 |
| 592 | m |
| 593 | i |
| 594 | l |
| 595 | ) |
| 596 | " |
| 597 | , |
| 598 | " |
| 599 | M |
| 600 | a |
| 601 | x |
| 602 | i |
| 603 | m |
| 604 | u |
| 605 | m |
| 606 | |
| 607 | B |
| 608 | o |
| 609 | a |
| 610 | r |
| 611 | d |
| 612 | |
| 613 | S |
| 614 | i |
| 615 | z |
| 616 | e |
| 617 | " |
| 618 | : |
| 619 | " |
| 620 | 1 |
| 621 | 1 |
| 622 | 0 |
| 623 | 0 |
| 624 | * |
| 625 | 5 |
| 626 | 0 |
| 627 | 0 |
| 628 | m |
| 629 | m |
| 630 | ( |
| 631 | 4 |
| 632 | 3 |
| 633 | ” |
| 634 | * |
| 635 | 1 |
| 636 | 9 |
| 637 | ” |
| 638 | ) |
| 639 | " |
| 640 | , |
| 641 | " |
| 642 | M |
| 643 | i |
| 644 | n |
| 645 | |
| 646 | l |
| 647 | a |
| 648 | s |
| 649 | e |
| 650 | r |
| 651 | |
| 652 | d |
| 653 | r |
| 654 | i |
| 655 | l |
| 656 | l |
| 657 | i |
| 658 | n |
| 659 | g |
| 660 | |
| 661 | s |
| 662 | i |
| 663 | z |
| 664 | e |
| 665 | " |
| 666 | : |
| 667 | " |
| 668 | 4 |
| 669 | m |
| 670 | i |
| 671 | l |
| 672 | " |
| 673 | , |
| 674 | " |
| 675 | M |
| 676 | i |
| 677 | n |
| 678 | . |
| 679 | |
| 680 | S |
| 681 | p |
| 682 | a |
| 683 | c |
| 684 | i |
| 685 | n |
| 686 | g |
| 687 | / |
| 688 | T |
| 689 | r |
| 690 | a |
| 691 | c |
| 692 | i |
| 693 | n |
| 694 | g |
| 695 | " |
| 696 | : |
| 697 | " |
| 698 | 2 |
| 699 | . |
| 700 | 7 |
| 701 | m |
| 702 | i |
| 703 | l |
| 704 | / |
| 705 | 2 |
| 706 | . |
| 707 | 7 |
| 708 | m |
| 709 | i |
| 710 | l |
| 711 | " |
| 712 | , |
| 713 | " |
| 714 | S |
| 715 | o |
| 716 | l |
| 717 | d |
| 718 | e |
| 719 | r |
| 720 | |
| 721 | M |
| 722 | a |
| 723 | s |
| 724 | k |
| 725 | " |
| 726 | : |
| 727 | " |
| 728 | G |
| 729 | r |
| 730 | e |
| 731 | e |
| 732 | n |
| 733 | , |
| 734 | |
| 735 | B |
| 736 | l |
| 737 | a |
| 738 | c |
| 739 | k |
| 740 | , |
| 741 | |
| 742 | B |
| 743 | l |
| 744 | u |
| 745 | e |
| 746 | , |
| 747 | |
| 748 | R |
| 749 | e |
| 750 | d |
| 751 | , |
| 752 | |
| 753 | W |
| 754 | h |
| 755 | i |
| 756 | t |
| 757 | e |
| 758 | , |
| 759 | |
| 760 | Y |
| 761 | e |
| 762 | l |
| 763 | l |
| 764 | o |
| 765 | w |
| 766 | , |
| 767 | |
| 768 | P |
| 769 | u |
| 770 | r |
| 771 | p |
| 772 | l |
| 773 | e |
| 774 | |
| 775 | m |
| 776 | a |
| 777 | t |
| 778 | t |
| 779 | e |
| 780 | / |
| 781 | g |
| 782 | l |
| 783 | o |
| 784 | s |
| 785 | s |
| 786 | y |
| 787 | " |
| 788 | , |
| 789 | " |
| 790 | S |
| 791 | u |
| 792 | r |
| 793 | f |
| 794 | a |
| 795 | c |
| 796 | e |
| 797 | |
| 798 | T |
| 799 | r |
| 800 | e |
| 801 | a |
| 802 | t |
| 803 | m |
| 804 | e |
| 805 | n |
| 806 | t |
| 807 | " |
| 808 | : |
| 809 | " |
| 810 | F |
| 811 | l |
| 812 | a |
| 813 | s |
| 814 | h |
| 815 | |
| 816 | g |
| 817 | o |
| 818 | l |
| 819 | d |
| 820 | ( |
| 821 | e |
| 822 | l |
| 823 | e |
| 824 | c |
| 825 | t |
| 826 | r |
| 827 | o |
| 828 | p |
| 829 | l |
| 830 | a |
| 831 | t |
| 832 | e |
| 833 | d |
| 834 | |
| 835 | g |
| 836 | o |
| 837 | l |
| 838 | d |
| 839 | ) |
| 840 | 、 |
| 841 | E |
| 842 | N |
| 843 | I |
| 844 | G |
| 845 | 、 |
| 846 | H |
| 847 | a |
| 848 | r |
| 849 | d |
| 850 | |
| 851 | g |
| 852 | o |
| 853 | l |
| 854 | d |
| 855 | 、 |
| 856 | F |
| 857 | l |
| 858 | a |
| 859 | s |
| 860 | h |
| 861 | |
| 862 | g |
| 863 | o |
| 864 | l |
| 865 | d |
| 866 | 、 |
| 867 | H |
| 868 | A |
| 869 | S |
| 870 | L |
| 871 | |
| 872 | L |
| 873 | e |
| 874 | a |
| 875 | d |
| 876 | - |
| 877 | f |
| 878 | r |
| 879 | e |
| 880 | e |
| 881 | |
| 882 | 、 |
| 883 | O |
| 884 | S |
| 885 | P |
| 886 | 、 |
| 887 | E |
| 888 | N |
| 889 | E |
| 890 | P |
| 891 | I |
| 892 | G |
| 893 | 、 |
| 894 | S |
| 895 | o |
| 896 | f |
| 897 | t |
| 898 | |
| 899 | g |
| 900 | o |
| 901 | l |
| 902 | d |
| 903 | 、 |
| 904 | I |
| 905 | m |
| 906 | m |
| 907 | e |
| 908 | r |
| 909 | s |
| 910 | i |
| 911 | o |
| 912 | n |
| 913 | |
| 914 | s |
| 915 | i |
| 916 | l |
| 917 | v |
| 918 | e |
| 919 | r |
| 920 | 、 |
| 921 | I |
| 922 | m |
| 923 | m |
| 924 | e |
| 925 | r |
| 926 | s |
| 927 | i |
| 928 | o |
| 929 | n |
| 930 | |
| 931 | T |
| 932 | i |
| 933 | n |
| 934 | 、 |
| 935 | E |
| 936 | N |
| 937 | I |
| 938 | G |
| 939 | + |
| 940 | O |
| 941 | S |
| 942 | P |
| 943 | , |
| 944 | |
| 945 | E |
| 946 | N |
| 947 | I |
| 948 | G |
| 949 | + |
| 950 | G |
| 951 | o |
| 952 | l |
| 953 | d |
| 954 | |
| 955 | f |
| 956 | i |
| 957 | n |
| 958 | g |
| 959 | e |
| 960 | r |
| 961 | , |
| 962 | |
| 963 | F |
| 964 | l |
| 965 | a |
| 966 | s |
| 967 | h |
| 968 | |
| 969 | g |
| 970 | o |
| 971 | l |
| 972 | d |
| 973 | ( |
| 974 | e |
| 975 | l |
| 976 | e |
| 977 | c |
| 978 | t |
| 979 | r |
| 980 | o |
| 981 | p |
| 982 | l |
| 983 | a |
| 984 | t |
| 985 | e |
| 986 | d |
| 987 | |
| 988 | g |
| 989 | o |
| 990 | l |
| 991 | d |
| 992 | ) |
| 993 | + |
| 994 | G |
| 995 | o |
| 996 | l |
| 997 | d |
| 998 | |
| 999 | f |
| 1000 | i |
| 1001 | n |
| 1002 | g |
| 1003 | e |
| 1004 | r |
| 1005 | ( |
| 1006 | 5 |
| 1007 | 0 |
| 1008 | u |
| 1009 | ” |
| 1010 | ) |
| 1011 | , |
| 1012 | |
| 1013 | I |
| 1014 | m |
| 1015 | m |
| 1016 | e |
| 1017 | r |
| 1018 | s |
| 1019 | i |
| 1020 | o |
| 1021 | n |
| 1022 | |
| 1023 | s |
| 1024 | i |
| 1025 | l |
| 1026 | v |
| 1027 | e |
| 1028 | r |
| 1029 | + |
| 1030 | G |
| 1031 | o |
| 1032 | l |
| 1033 | d |
| 1034 | |
| 1035 | f |
| 1036 | i |
| 1037 | n |
| 1038 | g |
| 1039 | e |
| 1040 | r |
| 1041 | , |
| 1042 | |
| 1043 | I |
| 1044 | m |
| 1045 | m |
| 1046 | e |
| 1047 | r |
| 1048 | s |
| 1049 | i |
| 1050 | o |
| 1051 | n |
| 1052 | |
| 1053 | T |
| 1054 | i |
| 1055 | n |
| 1056 | + |
| 1057 | G |
| 1058 | o |
| 1059 | l |
| 1060 | d |
| 1061 | |
| 1062 | f |
| 1063 | i |
| 1064 | n |
| 1065 | g |
| 1066 | e |
| 1067 | r |
| 1068 | " |
| 1069 | , |
| 1070 | " |
| 1071 | M |
| 1072 | i |
| 1073 | n |
| 1074 | . |
| 1075 | |
| 1076 | A |
| 1077 | n |
| 1078 | n |
| 1079 | u |
| 1080 | l |
| 1081 | a |
| 1082 | r |
| 1083 | |
| 1084 | R |
| 1085 | i |
| 1086 | n |
| 1087 | g |
| 1088 | " |
| 1089 | : |
| 1090 | " |
| 1091 | 3 |
| 1092 | m |
| 1093 | i |
| 1094 | l |
| 1095 | " |
| 1096 | , |
| 1097 | " |
| 1098 | A |
| 1099 | s |
| 1100 | p |
| 1101 | e |
| 1102 | c |
| 1103 | t |
| 1104 | |
| 1105 | r |
| 1106 | a |
| 1107 | t |
| 1108 | i |
| 1109 | o |
| 1110 | " |
| 1111 | : |
| 1112 | " |
| 1113 | 1 |
| 1114 | 0 |
| 1115 | : |
| 1116 | 1 |
| 1117 | ( |
| 1118 | H |
| 1119 | A |
| 1120 | S |
| 1121 | L |
| 1122 | |
| 1123 | L |
| 1124 | e |
| 1125 | a |
| 1126 | d |
| 1127 | - |
| 1128 | f |
| 1129 | r |
| 1130 | e |
| 1131 | e |
| 1132 | |
| 1133 | 、 |
| 1134 | H |
| 1135 | A |
| 1136 | S |
| 1137 | L |
| 1138 | |
| 1139 | L |
| 1140 | e |
| 1141 | a |
| 1142 | d |
| 1143 | 、 |
| 1144 | E |
| 1145 | N |
| 1146 | I |
| 1147 | G |
| 1148 | 、 |
| 1149 | I |
| 1150 | m |
| 1151 | m |
| 1152 | e |
| 1153 | r |
| 1154 | s |
| 1155 | i |
| 1156 | o |
| 1157 | n |
| 1158 | |
| 1159 | T |
| 1160 | i |
| 1161 | n |
| 1162 | 、 |
| 1163 | I |
| 1164 | m |
| 1165 | m |
| 1166 | e |
| 1167 | r |
| 1168 | s |
| 1169 | i |
| 1170 | o |
| 1171 | n |
| 1172 | |
| 1173 | s |
| 1174 | i |
| 1175 | l |
| 1176 | v |
| 1177 | e |
| 1178 | r |
| 1179 | 、 |
| 1180 | E |
| 1181 | N |
| 1182 | E |
| 1183 | P |
| 1184 | I |
| 1185 | G |
| 1186 | ) |
| 1187 | ; |
| 1188 | 8 |
| 1189 | : |
| 1190 | 1 |
| 1191 | ( |
| 1192 | O |
| 1193 | S |
| 1194 | P |
| 1195 | ) |
| 1196 | " |
| 1197 | , |
| 1198 | " |
| 1199 | I |
| 1200 | m |
| 1201 | p |
| 1202 | e |
| 1203 | d |
| 1204 | a |
| 1205 | n |
| 1206 | c |
| 1207 | e |
| 1208 | |
| 1209 | c |
| 1210 | o |
| 1211 | n |
| 1212 | t |
| 1213 | r |
| 1214 | o |
| 1215 | l |
| 1216 | " |
| 1217 | : |
| 1218 | " |
| 1219 | ± |
| 1220 | 5 |
| 1221 | o |
| 1222 | h |
| 1223 | m |
| 1224 | ( |
| 1225 | ＜ |
| 1226 | 5 |
| 1227 | 0 |
| 1228 | o |
| 1229 | h |
| 1230 | m |
| 1231 | ) |
| 1232 | , |
| 1233 | |
| 1234 | ± |
| 1235 | 1 |
| 1236 | 0 |
| 1237 | % |
| 1238 | ( |
| 1239 | ≥ |
| 1240 | 5 |
| 1241 | 0 |
| 1242 | o |
| 1243 | h |
| 1244 | m |
| 1245 | ) |
| 1246 | " |
| 1247 | , |
| 1248 | " |
| 1249 | O |
| 1250 | t |
| 1251 | h |
| 1252 | e |
| 1253 | r |
| 1254 | |
| 1255 | T |
| 1256 | e |
| 1257 | c |
| 1258 | h |
| 1259 | n |
| 1260 | i |
| 1261 | q |
| 1262 | u |
| 1263 | e |
| 1264 | s |
| 1265 | " |
| 1266 | : |
| 1267 | " |
| 1268 | B |
| 1269 | l |
| 1270 | i |
| 1271 | n |
| 1272 | d |
| 1273 | / |
| 1274 | B |
| 1275 | u |
| 1276 | r |
| 1277 | i |
| 1278 | e |
| 1279 | d |
| 1280 | |
| 1281 | V |
| 1282 | i |
| 1283 | a |
| 1284 | " |
| 1285 | } |
Ready to Get Started?
Contact us today for a custom quote and expert consultation